Basic users and cities api

Makefile

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+ifeq ($(VIRTUAL_ENV),)
+	RUN_IN_ENV=poetry run
+else
+	RUN_IN_ENV=
+endif
+
+run:
+	@ $(RUN_IN_ENV) uvicorn \
+		main:app \
+		--reload \
+		--reload-dir=app
+
+shell:
+	@ $(RUN_IN_ENV) python manage.py shell

app/controllers/__init__.py

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+from litestar import Router
+
+__all__ = ["create_router"]
+
+from app.controllers.city import CityController
+from app.controllers.user import UserController
+from app.domain.city import City
+
+
+def create_router() -> Router:
+    return Router(
+        path="/v1",
+        route_handlers=[
+            CityController,
+            UserController,
+        ],
+        signature_namespace={
+            "City": City,
+        },
+    )

app/controllers/city.py

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+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Optional
+from uuid import UUID
+
+from litestar import Controller, get
+from litestar.contrib.repository.filters import LimitOffset, SearchFilter
+from litestar.di import Provide
+from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncSession
+
+from app.domain.city import (
+    City,
+    CityReadDTO,
+    CityWriteDTO,
+    Repository,
+    Service,
+)
+from app.lib.responses import ObjectListResponse, ObjectResponse
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncSession
+
+
+DETAIL_ROUTE = "/{city_id:uuid}"
+
+
+def provides_service(db_session: AsyncSession) -> Service:
+    """Constructs repository and service objects for the request."""
+    return Service(Repository(session=db_session))
+
+
+class CityController(Controller):
+    dto = CityWriteDTO
+    return_dto = CityReadDTO
+    path = "/cities"
+    dependencies = {
+        "service": Provide(provides_service, sync_to_thread=False),
+    }
+    tags = ["Cities"]
+
+    @get()
+    async def get_cities(
+        self, service: Service, search: Optional[str] = None
+    ) -> ObjectListResponse[City]:
+        filters = [
+            LimitOffset(limit=20, offset=0),
+        ]
+
+        if search is not None:
+            filters.append(
+                SearchFilter(
+                    field_name="caption",
+                    value=search,
+                ),
+            )
+
+        content = await service.list(*filters)
+        return ObjectListResponse(content=content)
+
+    @get(DETAIL_ROUTE)
+    async def get_city(
+        self, service: Service, city_id: UUID
+    ) -> ObjectResponse[City]:
+        content = await service.get(city_id)
+        return ObjectResponse(content=content)

app/controllers/user.py

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+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Optional
+from uuid import UUID
+
+from litestar import Controller, get
+from litestar.contrib.repository.filters import LimitOffset, SearchFilter
+from litestar.di import Provide
+from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncSession
+
+from app.domain.user import (
+    User,
+    UserReadDTO,
+    UserWriteDTO,
+    Repository,
+    Service,
+)
+from app.lib.responses import ObjectListResponse, ObjectResponse
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncSession
+
+
+DETAIL_ROUTE = "/{user_id:uuid}"
+
+
+def provides_service(db_session: AsyncSession) -> Service:
+    """Constructs repository and service objects for the request."""
+    return Service(Repository(session=db_session))
+
+
+class UserController(Controller):
+    dto = UserWriteDTO
+    return_dto = UserReadDTO
+    path = "/users"
+    dependencies = {
+        "service": Provide(provides_service, sync_to_thread=False),
+    }
+    tags = ["Users"]
+
+    @get()
+    async def get_users(
+        self, service: Service, search: Optional[str] = None
+    ) -> ObjectListResponse[User]:
+        filters = [
+            LimitOffset(limit=20, offset=0),
+        ]
+
+        if search is not None:
+            filters.append(
+                SearchFilter(
+                    field_name="caption",
+                    value=search,
+                ),
+            )
+
+        content = await service.list(*filters)
+        return ObjectListResponse(content=content)
+
+    @get(DETAIL_ROUTE)
+    async def get_user(
+        self, service: Service, user_id: UUID
+    ) -> ObjectResponse[User]:
+        content = await service.get(user_id)
+        return ObjectResponse(content=content)

app/domain/city.py

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+from datetime import datetime
+from typing import Annotated
+
+from litestar.contrib.sqlalchemy.base import UUIDBase
+from litestar.contrib.sqlalchemy.dto import SQLAlchemyDTO
+from litestar.dto import DTOConfig
+from sqlalchemy.orm import Mapped
+
+from app.lib import service
+from app.lib.filter_repository import FilterRepository
+
+
+class City(UUIDBase):
+    __tablename__ = "cities"  # type: ignore[assignment]
+
+    name: Mapped[str]
+    postal_code: Mapped[str]
+    created_at: Mapped[datetime]
+    modified_at: Mapped[datetime]
+
+
+class Repository(FilterRepository[City]):
+    model_type = City
+
+
+class Service(service.Service[City]):
+    repository_type = Repository
+
+
+write_config = DTOConfig(exclude={"id"})
+CityWriteDTO = SQLAlchemyDTO[Annotated[City, write_config]]
+CityReadDTO = SQLAlchemyDTO[City]

app/domain/user.py

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+from datetime import datetime
+from typing import Annotated
+
+from litestar.contrib.sqlalchemy.base import UUIDBase
+from litestar.contrib.sqlalchemy.dto import SQLAlchemyDTO
+from litestar.dto import DTOConfig
+from sqlalchemy.orm import Mapped
+
+from app.lib import service
+from app.lib.filter_repository import FilterRepository
+
+
+class User(UUIDBase):
+    __tablename__ = "users"  # type: ignore[assignment]
+
+    first_name: Mapped[str]
+    last_name: Mapped[str]
+    created_at: Mapped[datetime]
+    modified_at: Mapped[datetime]
+
+
+class Repository(FilterRepository[User]):
+    model_type = User
+
+
+class Service(service.Service[User]):
+    repository_type = Repository
+
+
+write_config = DTOConfig(exclude={"id"})
+UserWriteDTO = SQLAlchemyDTO[Annotated[User, write_config]]
+UserReadDTO = SQLAlchemyDTO[User]

app/lib/dependencies.py

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+from datetime import datetime
+from uuid import UUID
+
+from litestar.contrib.repository.filters import BeforeAfter, CollectionFilter, FilterTypes, LimitOffset
+from litestar.di import Provide
+from litestar.params import Dependency, Parameter
+
+DEFAULT_PAGINATION_LIMIT = 20
+
+__all__ = [
+    "create_collection_dependencies",
+    "provide_created_filter",
+    "provide_filter_dependencies",
+    "provide_id_filter",
+    "provide_limit_offset_pagination",
+    "provide_updated_filter",
+]
+
+
+DTorNone = datetime | None
+
+CREATED_FILTER_DEPENDENCY_KEY = "created_filter"
+FILTERS_DEPENDENCY_KEY = "filters"
+ID_FILTER_DEPENDENCY_KEY = "id_filter"
+LIMIT_OFFSET_DEPENDENCY_KEY = "limit_offset"
+UPDATED_FILTER_DEPENDENCY_KEY = "updated_filter"
+
+
+def provide_id_filter(
+    ids: list[UUID] | None = Parameter(query="ids", default=None, required=False)
+) -> CollectionFilter[UUID]:
+    """Return type consumed by ``Repository.filter_in_collection()``.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    ids : list[UUID] | None
+        Parsed out of comma separated list of values in query params.
+
+    Returns:
+    -------
+    CollectionFilter[UUID]
+    """
+    return CollectionFilter(field_name="id", values=ids or [])
+
+
+def provide_created_filter(
+    before: DTorNone = Parameter(query="created-before", default=None, required=False),
+    after: DTorNone = Parameter(query="created-after", default=None, required=False),
+) -> BeforeAfter:
+    """Return type consumed by `Repository.filter_on_datetime_field()`.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    before : datetime | None
+        Filter for records updated before this date/time.
+    after : datetime | None
+        Filter for records updated after this date/time.
+    """
+    return BeforeAfter("created_at", before, after)
+
+
+def provide_updated_filter(
+    before: DTorNone = Parameter(query="updated-before", default=None, required=False),
+    after: DTorNone = Parameter(query="updated-after", default=None, required=False),
+) -> BeforeAfter:
+    """Return type consumed by `Repository.filter_on_datetime_field()`.
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    before : datetime | None
+        Filter for records updated before this date/time.
+    after : datetime | None
+        Filter for records updated after this date/time.
+    """
+    return BeforeAfter("updated_at", before, after)
+
+
+def provide_limit_offset_pagination(
+    page: int = Parameter(ge=1, default=1, required=False),
+    page_size: int = Parameter(
+        query="page-size",
+        ge=1,
+        default=DEFAULT_PAGINATION_LIMIT,
+        required=False,
+    ),
+) -> LimitOffset:
+    """Return type consumed by `Repository.apply_limit_offset_pagination()`.
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    page : int
+        LIMIT to apply to select.
+    page_size : int
+        OFFSET to apply to select.
+    """
+    return LimitOffset(page_size, page_size * (page - 1))
+
+
+def provide_filter_dependencies(
+    created_filter: BeforeAfter = Dependency(skip_validation=True),
+    updated_filter: BeforeAfter = Dependency(skip_validation=True),
+    id_filter: CollectionFilter = Dependency(skip_validation=True),
+    limit_offset: LimitOffset = Dependency(skip_validation=True),
+) -> list[FilterTypes]:
+    """Common collection route filtering dependencies. Add all filters to any
+    route by including this function as a dependency, e.g:
+
+        @get
+        def get_collection_handler(filters: Filters) -> ...:
+            ...
+    The dependency is provided at the application layer, so only need to inject the dependency where
+    necessary.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    id_filter : repository.CollectionFilter
+        Filter for scoping query to limited set of identities.
+    created_filter : repository.BeforeAfter
+        Filter for scoping query to instance creation date/time.
+    updated_filter : repository.BeforeAfter
+        Filter for scoping query to instance update date/time.
+    limit_offset : repository.LimitOffset
+        Filter for query pagination.
+
+    Returns:
+    -------
+    list[FilterTypes]
+        List of filters parsed from connection.
+    """
+    return [
+        created_filter,
+        id_filter,
+        limit_offset,
+        updated_filter,
+    ]
+
+
+def create_collection_dependencies() -> dict[str, Provide]:
+    """Creates a dictionary of provides for pagination endpoints.
+
+    Returns:
+    -------
+    dict[str, Provide]
+
+    """
+    return {
+        LIMIT_OFFSET_DEPENDENCY_KEY: Provide(provide_limit_offset_pagination, sync_to_thread=False),
+        UPDATED_FILTER_DEPENDENCY_KEY: Provide(provide_updated_filter, sync_to_thread=False),
+        CREATED_FILTER_DEPENDENCY_KEY: Provide(provide_created_filter, sync_to_thread=False),
+        ID_FILTER_DEPENDENCY_KEY: Provide(provide_id_filter, sync_to_thread=False),
+        FILTERS_DEPENDENCY_KEY: Provide(provide_filter_dependencies, sync_to_thread=False),
+    }

app/lib/exceptions.py

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+import logging
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
+from litestar.contrib.repository.exceptions import (
+    ConflictError as RepositoryConflictException,
+)
+from litestar.contrib.repository.exceptions import (
+    NotFoundError as RepositoryNotFoundException,
+)
+from litestar.contrib.repository.exceptions import (
+    RepositoryError as RepositoryException,
+)
+from litestar.exceptions import (
+    HTTPException,
+    InternalServerException,
+    NotFoundException,
+)
+from litestar.middleware.exceptions.middleware import create_exception_response
+
+from .service import ServiceError
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from litestar.connection import Request
+    from litestar.response import Response
+
+__all__ = [
+    "repository_exception_to_http_response",
+    "service_exception_to_http_response",
+]
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class ConflictException(HTTPException):
+    status_code = 409
+
+
+def repository_exception_to_http_response(request: "Request", exc: RepositoryException) -> "Response":
+    """Transform repository exceptions to HTTP exceptions.
+
+    Args:
+        _: The request that experienced the exception.
+        exc: Exception raised during handling of the request.
+
+    Returns:
+        Exception response appropriate to the type of original exception.
+    """
+    http_exc: type[HTTPException]
+    if isinstance(exc, RepositoryNotFoundException):
+        http_exc = NotFoundException
+    elif isinstance(exc, RepositoryConflictException):
+        http_exc = ConflictException
+    else:
+        http_exc = InternalServerException
+    return create_exception_response(request, exc=http_exc())
+
+
+def service_exception_to_http_response(request: "Request", exc: ServiceError) -> "Response":
+    """Transform service exceptions to HTTP exceptions.
+
+    Args:
+        _: The request that experienced the exception.
+        exc: Exception raised during handling of the request.
+
+    Returns:
+        Exception response appropriate to the type of original exception.
+    """
+    return create_exception_response(request, InternalServerException())

app/lib/filter_repository.py

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+from typing import Optional, cast
+
+from litestar.contrib.repository import FilterTypes
+from litestar.contrib.sqlalchemy.repository import ModelT, SQLAlchemyAsyncRepository
+from litestar.contrib.sqlalchemy.repository.types import SelectT
+from sqlalchemy import true, Column
+
+from app.lib.filters import ExactFilter
+
+
+class FilterRepository(SQLAlchemyAsyncRepository[ModelT]):
+    alive_flag: Optional[str] = None
+
+    def _get_column_by_name(self, name: str) -> Column | None:
+        return cast(Column, getattr(self.model_type, name, None))
+
+    def _apply_filters(
+        self, *filters: FilterTypes, apply_pagination: bool = True, statement: SelectT
+    ) -> SelectT:
+        standard_filters = []
+        for filter_ in filters:
+            if isinstance(filter_, ExactFilter):
+                statement = statement.where(
+                    self._get_column_by_name(filter_.field_name) == filter_.value
+                )
+            else:
+                standard_filters.append(filter_)
+
+        statement = super()._apply_filters(
+            *standard_filters, apply_pagination=apply_pagination, statement=statement
+        )
+
+        if self.alive_flag:
+            statement = statement.where(
+                self._get_column_by_name(self.alive_flag) == true()
+            )
+
+        return statement

app/lib/filters.py

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+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from typing import Generic, TypeVar
+
+T = TypeVar("T")
+
+
+@dataclass
+class ExactFilter(Generic[T]):
+    field_name: str
+    value: T

app/lib/responses.py

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+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from typing import Generic, TypeVar
+
+T = TypeVar("T")
+
+
+@dataclass
+class ObjectResponse(Generic[T]):
+    content: T
+
+
+@dataclass
+class ObjectListResponse(Generic[T]):
+    content: list[T]
+
+
+@dataclass
+class PaginationMeta:
+    page: int
+    page_count: int
+
+
+@dataclass
+class PaginatedObjectListResponse(Generic[T]):
+    content: list[T]
+    meta: PaginationMeta

app/lib/service.py

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+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Generic
+
+from litestar.contrib.sqlalchemy.repository import ModelT
+
+__all__ = ["Service", "ServiceError"]
+
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from litestar.contrib.repository import AbstractAsyncRepository, FilterTypes
+
+
+class ServiceError(Exception):
+    """Base class for `Service` related exceptions."""
+
+
+class Service(Generic[ModelT]):
+    def __init__(self, repository: AbstractAsyncRepository[ModelT]) -> None:
+        """Generic Service object.
+
+        Args:
+            repository: Instance conforming to `AbstractRepository` interface.
+        """
+        self.repository = repository
+
+    async def create(self, data: ModelT) -> ModelT:
+        """Wraps repository instance creation.
+
+        Args:
+            data: Representation to be created.
+
+        Returns:
+            Representation of created instance.
+        """
+        return await self.repository.add(data)
+
+    async def list(self, *filters: FilterTypes, **kwargs: Any) -> list[ModelT]:
+        """Wraps repository scalars operation.
+
+        Args:
+            *filters: Collection route filters.
+            **kwargs: Keyword arguments for attribute based filtering.
+
+        Returns:
+            The list of instances retrieved from the repository.
+        """
+        return await self.repository.list(*filters, **kwargs)
+
+    async def update(self, id_: Any, data: ModelT) -> ModelT:
+        """Wraps repository update operation.
+
+        Args:
+            id_: Identifier of item to be updated.
+            data: Representation to be updated.
+
+        Returns:
+            Updated representation.
+        """
+        return await self.repository.update(data)
+
+    async def upsert(self, id_: Any, data: ModelT) -> ModelT:
+        """Wraps repository upsert operation.
+
+        Args:
+            id_: Identifier of the object for upsert.
+            data: Representation for upsert.
+
+        Returns:
+        -------
+            Updated or created representation.
+        """
+        return await self.repository.upsert(data)
+
+    async def get(self, id_: Any) -> ModelT:
+        """Wraps repository scalar operation.
+
+        Args:
+            id_: Identifier of instance to be retrieved.
+
+        Returns:
+            Representation of instance with identifier `id_`.
+        """
+        return await self.repository.get(id_)
+
+    async def delete(self, id_: Any) -> ModelT:
+        """Wraps repository delete operation.
+
+        Args:
+            id_: Identifier of instance to be deleted.
+
+        Returns:
+            Representation of the deleted instance.
+        """
+        return await self.repository.delete(id_)

app/lib/sqlalchemy_plugin.py

@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, cast, Literal
+from uuid import UUID
+
+import msgspec
+from litestar.contrib.sqlalchemy.plugins.init import SQLAlchemyInitPlugin
+from litestar.contrib.sqlalchemy.plugins.init.config import SQLAlchemyAsyncConfig
+from litestar.contrib.sqlalchemy.plugins.init.config.common import (
+    SESSION_SCOPE_KEY,
+    SESSION_TERMINUS_ASGI_EVENTS,
+)
+from litestar.utils import delete_litestar_scope_state, get_litestar_scope_state
+from sqlalchemy import event
+from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncSession, async_sessionmaker, create_async_engine
+from sqlalchemy.pool import NullPool
+
+
+DB_HOST = "localhost"
+DB_PORT = 5432
+DB_NAME = "addressbook"
+DB_USER = "addressbook"
+DB_PASSWORD = "addressbook"
+
+
+@dataclass
+class DatabaseSettings:
+    URL: str = f"postgresql+asyncpg://{DB_USER}:{DB_PASSWORD}@{DB_HOST}:{DB_PORT}/{DB_NAME}"
+    ECHO: bool = True
+    ECHO_POOL: bool | Literal["debug"] = False
+    POOL_DISABLE: bool = False
+    POOL_MAX_OVERFLOW: int = 10
+    POOL_SIZE: int = 5
+    POOL_TIMEOUT: int = 30
+    DB_SESSION_DEPENDENCY_KEY: str = "db_session"
+
+
+settings = DatabaseSettings()
+
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from typing import Any
+
+    from litestar.types.asgi_types import Message, Scope
+
+__all__ = [
+    "async_session_factory",
+    "config",
+    "engine",
+    "plugin",
+]
+
+
+def _default(val: Any) -> str:
+    if isinstance(val, UUID):
+        return str(val)
+    raise TypeError()
+
+
+engine = create_async_engine(
+    settings.URL,
+    echo=settings.ECHO,
+    echo_pool=settings.ECHO_POOL,
+    json_serializer=msgspec.json.Encoder(enc_hook=_default),
+    max_overflow=settings.POOL_MAX_OVERFLOW,
+    pool_size=settings.POOL_SIZE,
+    pool_timeout=settings.POOL_TIMEOUT,
+    poolclass=NullPool if settings.POOL_DISABLE else None,
+)
+"""Configure via DatabaseSettings.
+
+Overrides default JSON
+serializer to use `msgspec`. See [`create_async_engine()`][sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.create_async_engine]
+for detailed instructions.
+"""
+async_session_factory = async_sessionmaker(engine, expire_on_commit=False, class_=AsyncSession)
+"""Database session factory.
+
+See [`async_sessionmaker()`][sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.async_sessionmaker].
+"""
+
+
+@event.listens_for(engine.sync_engine, "connect")
+def _sqla_on_connect(dbapi_connection: Any, _: Any) -> Any:
+    """Using orjson for serialization of the json column values means that the
+    output is binary, not `str` like `json.dumps` would output.
+
+    SQLAlchemy expects that the json serializer returns `str` and calls
+    `.encode()` on the value to turn it to bytes before writing to the
+    JSONB column. I'd need to either wrap `orjson.dumps` to return a
+    `str` so that SQLAlchemy could then convert it to binary, or do the
+    following, which changes the behaviour of the dialect to expect a
+    binary value from the serializer.
+
+    See Also:
+    https://github.com/sqlalchemy/sqlalchemy/blob/14bfbadfdf9260a1c40f63b31641b27fe9de12a0/lib/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/asyncpg.py#L934
+    """
+
+    def encoder(bin_value: bytes) -> bytes:
+        # \x01 is the prefix for jsonb used by PostgreSQL.
+        # asyncpg requires it when format='binary'
+        return b"\x01" + bin_value
+
+    def decoder(bin_value: bytes) -> Any:
+        # the byte is the \x01 prefix for jsonb used by PostgreSQL.
+        # asyncpg returns it when format='binary'
+        return msgspec.json.decode(bin_value[1:])
+
+    dbapi_connection.await_(
+        dbapi_connection.driver_connection.set_type_codec(
+            "jsonb",
+            encoder=encoder,
+            decoder=decoder,
+            schema="pg_catalog",
+            format="binary",
+        )
+    )
+
+
+async def before_send_handler(message: Message, scope: Scope) -> None:
+    """Custom `before_send_handler` for SQLAlchemy plugin that inspects the
+    status of response and commits, or rolls back the database.
+
+    Args:
+        message: ASGI message
+        _:
+        scope: ASGI scope
+    """
+    session = cast("AsyncSession | None", get_litestar_scope_state(scope, SESSION_SCOPE_KEY))
+    try:
+        if session is not None and message["type"] == "http.response.start":
+            if 200 <= message["status"] < 300:
+                await session.commit()
+            else:
+                await session.rollback()
+    finally:
+        if session is not None and message["type"] in SESSION_TERMINUS_ASGI_EVENTS:
+            await session.close()
+            delete_litestar_scope_state(scope, SESSION_SCOPE_KEY)
+
+
+config = SQLAlchemyAsyncConfig(
+    session_dependency_key=settings.DB_SESSION_DEPENDENCY_KEY,
+    engine_instance=engine,
+    session_maker=async_session_factory,
+    before_send_handler=before_send_handler,
+)
+
+plugin = SQLAlchemyInitPlugin(config=config)

main.py

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+from typing import Any
+
+from litestar import Litestar
+from litestar.contrib.repository.exceptions import (
+    RepositoryError as RepositoryException,
+)
+from litestar.openapi import OpenAPIConfig
+
+from app.controllers import create_router
+from app.lib import exceptions, sqlalchemy_plugin
+from app.lib.service import ServiceError
+
+def create_app(**kwargs: Any) -> Litestar:
+    return Litestar(
+        route_handlers=[create_router()],
+        openapi_config=OpenAPIConfig(title="My API", version="1.0.0"),
+        # dependencies={"session": provide_transaction},
+        plugins=[sqlalchemy_plugin.plugin],
+        exception_handlers={
+            RepositoryException: exceptions.repository_exception_to_http_response,  # type: ignore[dict-item]
+            ServiceError: exceptions.service_exception_to_http_response,  # type: ignore[dict-item]
+        },
+        debug=True,
+        **kwargs,
+    )
+
+
+app = create_app()

migrations/0001-initial.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+CREATE TABLE cities
+(
+    id          uuid                     DEFAULT gen_random_uuid() NOT NULL,
+    name        varchar(50)                                        NOT NULL,
+    postal_code varchar(10),
+    created_at  timestamp WITH TIME ZONE DEFAULT NOW()             NOT NULL,
+    modified_at timestamp WITH TIME ZONE DEFAULT NOW()             NOT NULL
+);
+
+CREATE UNIQUE INDEX cities_id_uindex
+    ON cities (id);
+
+CREATE TABLE users
+(
+    id          uuid                     DEFAULT gen_random_uuid() NOT NULL,
+    first_name  varchar(50),
+    last_name   varchar(50),
+    city_id     uuid
+        CONSTRAINT users_cities_id_fk
+            REFERENCES cities (),
+    created_at  timestamp WITH TIME ZONE DEFAULT NOW()             NOT NULL,
+    modified_at timestamp WITH TIME ZONE DEFAULT NOW()             NOT NULL
+);
+
+CREATE UNIQUE INDEX users_id_uindex
+    ON users (id);